Footnote Guidelines

I allow footnotes (citations that appear at the bottom of the page) or endnotes (citations that appear at the end of the paper) only.  If you do not know how to create a footnote in your word processing program, go to the Help section of the program and ask it.  If you still cannot understand the proper way to create a footnote, see Dr. Pearson.  Footnote citations should look like this[1]¹ and should not appear in parentheses in the body of the text. 

Footnotes/Endnotes Formats

(Taken from Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 5^th ed., (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987) 

Book:

First citation: Author (first name last name), Title, (place of publication: Publisher, date), page number cited.

Leon R. Kass, Toward a More Natural Science: Biology and Human Affairs (New York: Free Press, 1985), 252.

Subsequent citations: Author (last name only, unless there are 2 authors w/same last name), Short title, page number.

Kass, Toward a More Natural Science, 252.

Article in Journal:

First citation: Author (first name last name), “Title of Article,” Title of journal in which article appears volume number (month, year of publication): page number(s).

W. Edmund Farrar, “Antibiotic Resistance in Developing Countries,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 152 (December, 1985): 1103.

Subsequent Citations: Author (last name only), “Short article title,” page number.

Farrar, “Antibiotic Resistance in Developing Countries,” 1103.

Article in book:

First citation: Author (first name last name), “Title of Article,” Title of book in which article appears, editor’s name, ed., (publisher information same as book citation above), page.

            Virgil Thomson, “Cage and the Collage of Noises,” in American Music since 1910, Ronald Walters, ed., (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1971), 25.

Subsequent citation: Author (last name only), “Short article title,” page number.

Thomson, “Cage and the Collage of Noises,” 25.

Website citations:

This citation mode is just now being standardized.  For proper citation methods for websites, go to: Turabian's Reference-List Style: Citing Electronic Information in History Papers, by Maurice Crouse

http://www.people.memphis.edu/~mcrouse/elcite.html

If the above cite is confusing to you, you are not alone.  There are some "down and dirty" examples for you, without the lengthy explanations, at the following site:

http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite7.html#1

This is probably the most concise guide to basic citation methods, including website citations:

http://www.tcc.cc.fl.us/dept/library/reference/TURABIAN2001.htm

The important thing to remember for any kind of citation is that you want to direct your reader as efficiently and specifically as possible to the place where you found the information you're citing.  So, if you cannot find a citation example that exactly fits your situation, do your best to direct your reader to the precise place at which you found your source.  And, of course, you can always ask your professor for assistance.